Interesting Shop Samples To Include In Your Narrative Essay

Interesting Shop Samples To Include In Your Narrative EssayIf you have just started to write a good narrative essay, then it is likely that you may be wondering what interesting shop samples to include in your own essay. If you are not sure where to find such samples, or if you do not know how to research the best possible shops, then read on to learn a little more about the topic.Firstly, let us examine the differences between an essay and a novel. A novel is a piece of writing that is made up of words arranged into a story. It can include characters, settings, dialogue, and even events. However, a narrative essay is a collection of different pieces of information about the same person or subject that has been arranged in a sequence.In a story, a person goes through events that form a coherent whole, while in an essay, the different pieces are all based on some type of personal or particular experience that happens to the person. It can be as personal as a love story, as a day in a person's life, or even as an academic argument.There are many different ways that you can go about researching these samples. However, there are some places that stand out as being particularly useful and this article will focus on those in particular.If you want to research your narrative essay at a sample shop, then you should head straight for those places that specialize in writing samples. Writing shops like English4me, Logicworks, or Writersenet make a name for themselves with people who want to write their own work, and so they offer a range of samples that you can use to gain a basic idea of what the type of essay is like.If you want to visit a sample shop in person, then you may want to try one of the smaller stores in your area. This is because they will usually only have a few different samples for you to choose from, which means that you need to be quick.If you want to find a really good and interesting shop to research your story in, then you should head online. There a re plenty of websites that offer such services, and you can use a variety of search engines to see what they have to offer.For example, you could choose to use Google, Yahoo, or MSN, to see what the different shops have to offer. Once you have chosen a shop, make sure that you spend time looking at the samples that they offer, and if you think that you do not understand the stories that they offer, then do not hesitate to contact them by email to ask any questions that you may have.

The Burning of Washington in 1814

The Cyclist Poetry Commentary - 1329 Words

â€Å"The Cyclist† poetry commentary â€Å"The Cyclist† is a poem by Louis MacNeice which romanticizes the fleeting joys of childhood. These joys are emphasised through imagery of summer – be it activities, food, the beach, a bicycle ride, various techniques such as juxtaposition and enjambment are used to evoke fond memories from the reader. MacNeice’s poem is set in the southwest of England, on a hill with a chalk horse carved into it. It is during the height of summer, when the grasshoppers are buzzing and the children are playing outside. The character is a boy or a group of boys, and they are riding bicycles down a hill near to the chalk horse. The structure of the poem is quite disjointed, with only five sentences throughout three stanzas.†¦show more content†¦The wonderfully poetic language assists in the seamless transition from meadow to ocean: the rolling grass hills are likened the boiling waves (heated by the sun), and the pebbles are compared with crabs, scuttering away to escape the bike’s wheel. The â€Å"boys riding their heat-wave† creates a picture of a surfer, â€Å"feet on a narrow plank and hair thrown back†. The narrow plank createsShow MoreRelatedDocumentary Films Have Played an Important Part in Determining the Way We Construct History and Memory. in What Ways D o Documentary Films Dealing with the Holocaust Determine Contemporary Understandings of That Historical Event?2956 Words   |  12 Pagesserved not only to speak their ‘truth of the atrocities but also to document changing paradigms of social thought concerning Holocaust ‘truth. Holocaust History and its documentation: Theodor Adornos famous 1949 injunction that ‘to write poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric is indicative of the initial approaches of documentary to the subject matter. The first documentary footage of the Holocaust was shot as Allied troops entered the camps of Bergen-Belsen and Dachau, but this footage

Horror Movies The Horror Movie Genre - 859 Words

From people gathered around a campfire telling scary stories to people gathered in a crowded theater people love to be frightened. Scary stories were told to teach a lesson or warn someone about something. Horror movies specifically slasher movies do more than just entertain us in their way, they also warn us to be aware of what we’re doing or our surroundings. In most slasher films, there are certain scenarios that have been repeated and copied from the beginning of the genre. Because of the numerous imitations by other films in the past and the present the themes put forth in ground breaking slasher movies are continually reinventing the genre and have added significantly to horror movie history. The definition of a horror film, â€Å"is a film genre seeking to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on the audience’s primal fears (â€Å"Horror Films† (1))†. In the beginning gothic novels by literary works by Mary Shelley, Bram Stoker and Edgar Allan Poe inspired the horror movie genre. These literary works entertain us by teaching us about society or human behavior. When the Lemiere brothers created the film â€Å"Spook Tale† in 1895 it was the first telling of a scary story on film. It wasn’t until 1896 when Georges Melies created the film â€Å"The Manor of the Devil† making it the first horror film some experts argue. Often times there are themes or motifs from past films that in some of the modern films may homage to. In 1932 George ArchainbaudShow MoreRelatedMovies : Genres Of Movies892 Words   |  4 PagesGenres of Movies Movie theater tickets have become increasingly more expensive in recent years. As a result, movie genres that offer a broad range of entertainment and stimulation can make the theater going experience more worthy of the ticket price. Some of the more popular movie genres today are mysteries, science fiction, romantic comedies, animation, documentaries and horror films. Although all of these movie genres may be enjoyed in a theater, horror movies are more worth the ticket price becauseRead MorePeople Watching Movies For Different Entertainment1150 Words   |  5 PagesPeople watch movies for different entertainment reasons. Kids love to watch movies with their families, the movie props, and animation in the movie. Teens enjoy the characters, the content, and movies that aim towards them. Adults relish emotion, re-watching movies, and movies that remind them of their childhood memories. Movie genres such as comedy, educational and horror can fall into all these aspects. Even though so me movies are poor acting or seem nonsensical to one, movie genre such as comedyRead MoreHorror Films By Edgar Allen Poe, Bram Stoker And Marry Shelly1069 Words   |  5 Pagesmost popular film genres today: Horror. Beginning roughly 100 years ago, early horror films were based off of the writings of famous Gothic writers such as Edgar Allen Poe, Bram Stoker and Marry Shelly. However, it was later when the German Expressionism in the form of film dominated the industry, horror films started to develop stronger and stronger. Horror movies are film genre, which typically relates to two patterns as supernatural, massacre, violence and zombies. Each movie genre has different specialRead MoreEssay on Discuss the Appeal of Horror Movies813 Words   |  4 PagesThe horror industry has been virtually dominating Asian cinema over the past few years, overshadowing any other genre in consistency of production and consequent box-office reaping. Countries like Japan, South Korea and Thailand h ave tapped on this market, fuelling their local film industries and clearly profiting from the appeal that horror movies have over audiences globally. Yet, even as we look beyond the economic profitability of this genre, we will discover far more reasons why this genre ofRead MoreThe Horror Of Horror Films1360 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Horror Films are unsettling films designed to frighten and panic, cause dread and alarm, and to invoke our hidden worst fears, often in a terrifying, shocking finale, while captivating and entertaining us at the same time in a cathartic experience.† Horror films have been to Hollywood since the early days of cinematography. Horror films are very interesting to watch because horror movies are scary and we don t know what is going happen next. That kind of suspense in the movies makes us watch moreRead MoreHorror Movies : The 80s And 80s1190 Words   |  5 PagesThe decades that stick out in horror movie history are the 70s and the 80s. Most c ritics would agree with me when I say that the horror movies in the 70s and 80s changed the horror genre forever. The horror movies during those decades are viewed as being the foundation for the horror movies today. But why did those two decades have a significant impact on the horror genre? What made the horror movies better than the horror movies today? The horror movies in the 70s reflected the grim mood of theRead MoreParadox Of Horror Movies951 Words   |  4 PagesThe Horror Paradox Horror movies have been classified as the type of genre that heavily exploits the use of violence and grisly images to appeal to different audiences. In fact, one of the main reasons that horror movies are still celebrated is because of a term, discovered by behavioral researchers, called the â€Å"horror paradox†. Joanne Cantor, the director of the Center for Communication Research at University of Wisconsin, states that â€Å"Since it doesn’t require logic to appreciate, audiences watchRead MoreLiterary Devices In Bram Stokers Dracula1296 Words   |  6 Pagesand still has an immense effect on horror through its use of literary elements which are observable in horror movies. Bram Stokers Dracula was revolutionary in its use of literary devices such as dramatic irony, to convey suspense, and the use of sexuality in literature. These devices were adapted to film in early horror movies and continue to appear till today. Dracula was very influential to the film indus try when it comes to horror movies because horror movies draw a lot of devices used in DraculaRead MoreAnalysis Of Joss Whedon s The Cabin1677 Words   |  7 PagesThe combination of horror and comedy provides an interesting contrast as the two genres try to illicit opposite emotions from their audiences. Joss Whedon’s The Cabin in the Woods is a film that falls under the pseudo-genre of horror comedy, the movie satirizing the cabin-in-the-woods horror subgenre while still providing a good scare. Though the monsters and ghouls of the film are still pretty terrifying, Whedon still manages to poke fun at the tropes found in horror movies and provide insight onRead MoreDesigning An Effective Advertising Poster Campaign For A Specific Film Genre1332 Words   |  6 Pageseffective advertising poster campaign for a specific film genre. I chose the horror genre as I am very interested in the way they are put together and how they create an eerie atmosphere by the technical codes ( e.g. camera shots). For the primary research I created a questionnaire that looked at all the different aspects used to create a successful horror poster. I based my questionnaire around three different posters that were in the sub-genre that I wanted to research, so I could see how effective

Critique of Growth Ecological Economics

Question: Discuss about the Critique of Growth Ecological Economics. Answer: Introduction: The monetary value of all the completed commodities and services that is produced within a border of a country in a specified time is termed as Gross Domestic Product. GDP can be calculated on both quarterly and annual basis. GDP is considered as a wide measurement of a overall economic activity of a nation (Coyle 2016). Real GDP is mostly used to measure the standard of living however; real GDP can be deceptive for several causes. In other words, real GDP does not include household production as well as production activities that are mostly performed by a homeowner. This omission generates a major measurement problem as these tasks are considered as an imperative component of the work of an individual. Real GDP also neglects the background economy as well as those economic activities that are legal but unreported. The measurement of health of an individual as well as life expectancy is also included by real GDP. It also excludes damages caused by environment. It does not recognize the extent of political freedom as well as social justice enjoyed by the citizens of a nation. It has been examined that the statistics of GDP does not comprise the underground or unofficial economy. For example, real GDP accounts for the total market value of all commodities and services that are produced in Australia aft er the deduction of cost of commodities and services (Daly 2013). Unemployment is considered as a phenomenon that takes place when an individual is actively exploring for a job however; he is not able to find a work. It is often used as a measure of the health of the economy. Unemployment rate is considered as the most recurrent measure of unemployment. For example, in Australia, the seasonally adjusted rate of unemployment increased to 5.7 percent in the year 2016 that was recorded to be slightly above market consensus. Government regulation mostly gives rise to unemployment. As per the labor laws, employees should get a certain amount of wages as well as other health insurance benefits from the employers. Increased competition between trades leads to unemployment. One of the key historical reasons that lead to unemployment is raised automation that is referred to as increased technology, which displaces workers. Unemployment also arises due to disparity of skills in the labor market that are generally caused by occupational immobility, which aris es due to difficulties in learning new skills. Structural change in the economy also leads to unemployment. In other words, the decline of coalmines, for example will lead to unemployment among coal miners due to lack of competition (Hobson 2013). Figure: Real Wage Unemployment (Source: Created by Author) The graph shows the occurrence of real wage unemployment that takes place in a competitive market. Q2 indicates the supply of labor that is greater at W2 as compared to the demand for labor at Q. The factors, which makes unemployment unavoidable, mostly comprises of the individuals who enters the workforce searching for a job at a point of time. However, on the other hand, it also becomes unavoidable due to some individuals who stop searching for a job when they are not able to find any. The existence of depressed workers mostly makes unemployment unavoidable (Valletta 2013). Consumer Price Index is considered as a measurement that analyzes the weighted average of prices of a basket of goods and services of customers. A price level is the measurement of present prices of commodities that are produced in an economy within a specified period. On the other hand, inflation is defined as the rate at which general price level for commodities and services increases whereas; purchasing power of currency decreases. Inflation increases with the augment in the average level of prices of goods and services. This is mostly because; the cost of living relies on the average level of prices for both goods and services. Increase in economic movement acts as a key inflationary trigger. As a result, it is highly agreed that increase in average prices for goods and services leads to inflation (Tiwari, Mutascu and Andries 2013). Aggregate demand is also termed as domestic final demand that describes the total demand for goods and services in an economy at a given period. The aggregate demand curve is plotted with price level on the vertical axis and real output on the horizontal axis. Figure: Aggregate Demand (Source: Created by Author) The aggregate demand curve describes the relationship between two factors such as, the quantity of output that is demanded as well as aggregate level of price. The aggregate demand curve symbolizes the overall quantity of all commodities that is demanded by the economy at diverse level of prices. The aggregate level of price is mostly measured by the consumer price index (Gal 2013). There are mostly three reasons that lead to downward sloping aggregate demand curve. The major reason is the wealth effect. The aggregate demand curve is illustrated under the assumption of the fact that government holds the supply of money constant. As the level of price increases, the wealth of the economy as estimated by the supply of money diminishes in value as the purchasing power of money falls. An aggregate demand curve is shown in the following diagram. The vertical axis shows the level of price of all final commodities and services (Godin 2014). Figure: Aggregate demand curve slopes downwards (Source: Created by Author) The wealth effect leads to an inverse relationship between the level of price and real GDP that leads to downward sloping aggregate demand curve. The second reason that leads to downward sloping demand curve is the interest rate effect. As the level of price rises, firms necessitate more money in order to handle their transaction. With the increase in rate of interest, spending that is receptive to interest rate reduces. The third reason that leads to downward sloping aggregate demand curve is the effects of net export. As the domestic level of price increases, abroad made commodities becomes comparatively reasonable so that the demand for imports rises (Jain, Tantri and Thirumalai 2016). Aggregate supply is mostly described as the total supply of commodities and services that firms in a national economy are eager to sell at a specified level of price. On the other hand, long-run is the conceptual period in which there are no fixed cost of production. The aggregate supply curve gets affected by capital, technology as well as labor in the long-run. The long-run aggregate supply curve changes the slowest of the three ranges of the aggregate supply curve and as a result, it is termed as static. Figure: Vertical LAS Curve (Source: Created by Author) The long-run aggregate supply curve is vertical that reflects the principle of the economists regarding the fact that aggregate demand changes only due to a temporary change in total output of an economy. It also indicates a prospective output and it also shows that it leads to increase in input prices. An example of circumstances that leads to shift in the long-run curve towards the right is the increase in population as well as increase in physical capital shock. Figure: Upward Sloping SAS Curve (Source: Created by Author) The short-run aggregate supply curve takes place when increase in price leads to increase in quantity. The sticky-wage model and the sticky-price model helps to explain the cause behind the upward-sloping short-run aggregate supply curve. the curve is mostly upward sloping due to the fact that firms always tends to increase the level of price with rise in demand. For example, the decrease in wages as well as augment in physical capital leads to short-run aggregate supply (Stiglitz and Rosengard 2015). References Coyle, D., 2016. Economics: GDP in the dock.Nature,534(7608), pp.472-474. Daly, H., 2013. A further critique of growth economics.Ecological economics,88, pp.20-24. Gal, J., 2013. Notes for a new guide to Keynes (I): wages, aggregate demand, and employment.Journal of the European Economic Association,11(5), pp.973-1003. Godin, A., 2014. Marc Lavoie, Post-Keynesian Economics: New Foundations. Chapter 5. Effective Demand and Employment.Revue de la rgulation. Capitalisme, institutions, pouvoirs, (16). Hobson, J.A., 2013.The Economics of Unemployment (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Jain, A., Tantri, P.L. and Thirumalai, R.S., 2016. Downward Sloping Demand Curve, Price Pressure, or Slow Moving Capital?: Evidence from an Exogenous Supply Shock.Price Pressure, or Slow Moving Capital. Stiglitz, J.E. and Rosengard, J.K., 2015.Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Tiwari, A.K., Mutascu, M. and Andries, A.M., 2013. Decomposing time-frequency relationship between producer price and consumer price indices in Romania through wavelet analysis.Economic Modelling,31, pp.151-159. Valletta, R.G., 2013. House lock and structural unemployment.Labour Economics,25, pp.86-97.

Cannabis and its Effects on Long Term Memory

The use of cannabis is often associated with memory challenges in the short term and long term basis. Studies continue to be carried out to determine if chronic cannabis use affects long term memory by examining variety of cognitive functions. This paper reviews related literature on memory dysfunction in cannabis users (Parath, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cannabis and its Effects on Long Term Memory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The literature reviews includes studies that looked at memory function in cannabis users of chronic intoxication period (Austin, 2010). Specifically, it examines studies in working memory and verbal episodic memory. In addition, they have continued to deduce evidence indicating impaired encoding, storage, manipulation and retrieval systems in long term cannabis users (Allhoff, 2010). Cannabis is extracted from the plant Cannabis sativa. Usually, Cannabis is taken i n the form of dried leaves and female flower heads, or the resin secreted by these. This drug can be eaten, but is more usually smoked in the form of cannabis cigarette, or joint, often mixed with tobacco, or in pipe. Cannabis is an illicit drug that is commonly consumed in Europe and approximately 10% of adults aged 16-59 years in the UK used it in the year 2000 (Solowij, 1998). Majority of cannabis users attribute short memory problems as the most prevalent and this forms part of the reason many of them seek help to quit or reduce its consumption. Scientific literature in general avers memory impairment as often cited in relation to cannabis use (Wilson et al., 2002). Cannabis use has risen to become the most widely used drug in the developed world over the years. The memory function in general has been studied in acute administration studies of long term users of cannabis to humans and animals, and in long term studies of cannabis users (Pope et al., 2002). Cannabinoid System and Memory Endogenous Cannabinoid system is directly involved in the necessary functions of memory. This is because cannabinoid receptors happen in high density in brain areas critically involved in memory functions. Profoundly, cannabinoid affects synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory, disrupting long term potential in hippocampus (Martin-Santos, 2010). Cannabinoid receptors are metabotropic receptors which are the most common in the brain and are involved in multiple physiological and behavioural events. They are found on pre-synaptic terminals in locations concerned in cognition, especially learning and memory, critically in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulated, basal ganglia and cerebellum (Miller, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Endogenous cannabinoid system guides the flow of information in the brain through retrogrades signalling, modul ating inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter release critical for synaptic plasticity, depolarisation-induced suppression of inhibition or excitation, long term potentiation, and hence learning, memory and other higher cognitive functions (Kanayama et al., 2004). Structural Brain Changes Related with Chronic cannabis use There is lack of concrete lack evidence in most undertaken indicating that structural brain alterations in cannabis users. There are no global or regional alterations in brain tissue volume or composition in some recent studies (Ries, 2009). Other studies have discovered grey and white matter density alterations globally or in para-hippocampal areas. Utilizing more sensitive measures and assessing cannabis consumers with greater exposure to cannabis than previous research, critical reduction of hippocampus and amygdale volumes in long term cannabis users have recently been reported (Lyketsos et al., 1999). Hippocampus volume reduction was related to dose, correl ating with current daily dose, and cumulatively. Only excessive daily doses over long period of time, will lead to structural changes. Another critical factor may be the age of onset of cannabis use. This has a devastating impact to the brain, specifically cannabis consumers’ start at the early stages of neurodevelopment (Allhoff, 2010). Evidence adduced recently of reduced neuronal and axonal integrity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex represented by magnetic resonance spectroscopic markers of metabolism (Solowij, 2009). Changes related to dose were found in anterior cingulate and globus pallidum, but not in hippocampus. Solid evidence for dose related cumulative neuronal damage, neuronal and synaptic density. Since functional dysfunction is likely to precede major structural changes in the brain, or to show concomitant to more minor neural alterations. This presents good reason to think that long term effects of use of cannabis on memory function (Wilson et al., 2002). A Review of Related Literature: Effects of Cannabis Use on Cognitive ability in the long term Cannabis has the ability to exert prominent effects on the central nervous system. In the central nervous system, cannabis acts on an endogenous cannabinoid system that is concerned with regulation of mood, memory, emotion, attention, and other cognitive functions (Hall, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cannabis and its Effects on Long Term Memory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cannabinoid receptors play a significant role in memory storage and retrieval processes. Discoveries from human and animal research reveal that prolonged use of cannabis changes the functioning of the cannabinoid system of the brain. However, this does not lead to serious impairment (Solowij, 2002). Observation for structural brain impairment for in humans following long term cannabis use has not been sustained generally. Some cu rrent research has discovered no global or regional alterations in brain tissue volumes. Other studies have however, shown grey and white matter density changes world wide undertaken to date lack evidence of changes in structural brain in cannabis users or in para-hippocampal areas (Wilson et al., 2002). A recent study that used unique techniques of measurement to indicate that frequent but relatively short term use of cannabis creates neither structural brain abnormalities nor global or regional alterations in the brain tissue volume or composition that are assessable by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Pope et al., 2002). Several studies have indicated altered brain function and metabolism in humans due to acute and chronic use of cannabis using cerebral blood flow, positron emission tomography, and electroencephalographic methods. In sum, use of cannabis has deleterious effects on memory and attention (Solowij, 2009). Individuals who use cannabis show clear signs of cognitive im pairments relative to controls. More of concern about cannabis is that its use may cause neurological damage resulting in persistent cognitive deficits, but the evidence is currently inconclusive. The evidence, however, does suggest that early use of cannabis may cause long-term cognitive problems (Solowij, 1998). Chronic Use of Cannabis and cognitive Dysfunction Cognitive dysfunctions or impairments, specifically deficits in short term memory, are reported by many cannabis addicts who seek help to stop using cannabis, and are often advanced as one of the main reasons for needing to stop using cannabis (Allhoff, 2010). However, evidence provided from controlled studies shows that long term heavy use of cannabis does not appear to produce severe debilitating dysfunction of cognitive function like that produced by chronic heavy alcohol use (Ries, 2009). Nonetheless, there is evidence that long term or heavy cannabis users exhibit more subtle types of cognitive impairment that are dete cted in well controlled studies using sensitive measures (Lyketsos et al., 1999).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Earlier studies of the cognitive effects of chronic cannabis use have elicited major concern that cannabis users may have had poorer cognitive functioning than controls before they commenced to administer cannabis (Sadider, 2010). However, studies from the recent past have looked at this problem by matching users and non-users on estimated premorbid intellectual functioning or on test performance prior to the onset of cannabis use. These studies have revealed cognitive impairments associated with frequent and long term use of cannabis (Solowij, 1998). Frequent cannabis consumers were showed impairment in tests assessing verbal expression, mathematics, and memory. Heavy users of cannabis were more susceptible to interference, made more perseverance errors, had poorer recall, and indicated deficient learning compared to light users (Wilson et al., 2002). Solowij et al., (2002) discovered few dysfunctions when they compared neuropsychological performance of dependent, heavy cannabis us ers with an average 10 years of regular use to anon-user control group. Chronic cannabis users with a regular use averaging 24 years were discovered with impaired attention and had retarded memory in general with dysfunctional verbal learning. Both groups of users indicated impaired temporal judgment. Solowij (1998) in a series of earlier studies applied more sensitive measures of brain function to demonstrate attention impairments in short term users. Solowij et al., (2002) deduced that long term use of cannabis escalated memory impairment. Specific deficits in verbal learning, memory and attention continue to be the most consistently replicated impairments to cannabis users. These impairments are associated to the period, frequency, and cumulative dose impacts (Pope et al., 2002). Differential effects of the various parameters of cannabis use such as, frequency, duration and dose, have not been investigated consistently. As a result, studies are still ongoing to determine whether memory impairments should be related or associated to acute, drug dose, and others occurring the brain memory due to long term cannabis exposure (Solowij et al., 2002). Studies continue to be conducted to investigate the propensity for recovery of cognitive functioning following cessation of cannabis use. Solowij (1998) discovered partial recovery following median 2 years abstinence in a small group of ex-users performing a selective attention task. However, sensitive brain event related potential measures continued to indicate impaired information processing that was correlated with the number of years of cannabis use. Solowij et al., (2002) showed persistent dose associated decrements in neuro-cognitive performance after 28 days abstinence in heavy young users of mean age 20, 5 years use. According to pope et al., (2002), verbal and memory deficits persisted in those who had started using cannabis prior to the age of 17 years but not in those who commenced later in life. The sampl ed population was between the ages of 30 and 55 years at the time of research. This observation agrees with other observations of adverse effects in that beginning regular cannabis use before versus after the age of 17 years (Wilson, et al., 2000). There is still need for further studies to elucidate the effect of cannabis use in developing brain. Solowij (2009) reported that hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and cerebellum are main sections of endogenous cannabinoid activity and heavily implicated in the cognitive impairments associated with chronic cannabis use. Lyketsos et al., (1999) were able to report the only large scale prospective epidemiological study of the effect of cannabis use on cognitive functioning. They made assessments on cognitive reduction on the Mini Mental State Examination in 1318 adults over 11.5 years. They deduced no relationship between cannabis use and decline in Mini Mental state Examination score, and this persisted when adjustments were made for sex, age , education, minority status, and use of alcohol and tobacco. This study concurs with other evidence that cannabis does not produce gross cognitive impairment (Pope et al., 2002). Memory in Chronic Cannabis Users A cute administration of cannabis can disrupt the working memory. Animal literature exists that reports impaired working memory following acute and chronic use of cannabinoid, including an impaired delayed matching to sample tasks that resembles lesions or removal of the hippocampus (Azzam, 2010). A growing number of recent literatures have continued to study working memory and related functions in chronic cannabis users. Kanayama et al., (2004) examined spatial working memory in long term heavy cannabis users by using functional magnetic resonance imaging using relatively simple tasks. In this study non users made non significant more errors on the task, although few errors in both groups reflected the simplicity of the task and it has been suggested that performance defic its in chronic cannabis users are more likely to be elicited in complex tasks (Kanayama et al., 2004). In addition, Kanayama et al (2004) studies revealed that cannabis users exhibited widespread brain activation with enhanced activation of areas utilized in spatial working memory tasks. They interpreted their findings in terms of cannabis users experiencing subtle neuro-physiological deficits for which they compensate by working harder and calling upon additional brain regions to meet task requirements (Mack, 2010). In a study of abstinent adolescents aged 13-18, cannabis and tobacco smokers compared to tobacco only smokers (Hall, 2009). The group identified functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of changed neuro-circuitry during the performance of an n-back auditory working memory task in the cannabis group, but only during nicotine withdrawal. Representative samples were tested twice, once during an ad libitum cigarette smoking condition, and again after 24 hrs abstention s from tobacco and cannabis users were in abstinence from cannabis for at least two weeks prior to testing. Cannabis users who abstained from tobacco revealed enhanced task biased activation, for instance, posterior cortical regions and others (Solowij, 1998). A study using real world functions approach examined mood and cognitive performance in a sample of workers with and without recent cannabis use, before and after work at the start and end of the working week. There were scanty details regarding cannabis levels in the sample. A verbal reasoning task was used to measure working memory. Other memory tasks encompassed immediate and delayed free recall and recognition of 20 words presented on a computer screen and a semantic processing task measuring speed of knowledge retrieval from general memory (Pope et al 2002). Poorer performance in verbal reasoning was apparent in cannabis users at the start of the working week and correlated and frequency of cannabis use. Lacklustre perform ance in verbal reasoning in delayed recall was found in cannabis users pre-work at the end of the working week and was correlated with duration of cannabis use. Cannabis users also indicated slower response organization and lower alertness than non-users, and slower psychomotor speed toward the end of the week, reflecting a lack of improvement in the speed over the working week in contrast to controls, rather than a progressive slowing by cannabis users (Solowij et al., 2002). Episodic Verbal Memory Verbal learning and memory have been the most impaired cognitive functions in the studies of acute cannabis use as well as in chronic cannabis users. Cannabis users experience impairments in cognition in terms of the period of cannabis use and the frequency of cannabis consumption, and lastly, the impact of cumulative dosage. Studies of acute cannabis use suggest that poorer performance can be seen in immediate and delayed recall of words. Recent studies have replicated dysfunction in le arning, recall, and delayed recall, with some evidence of rot. The studies deduced 17 hour abstinent long term chronic cannabis users recalled fewer words than shorter term chronic users and non user controls over learning trials (Roffman, 2009). Conclusion Satisfactory evidence has gathered from recent research of cannabis users in the unintoxicated state to conclude heavy cannabis use in the long term is associated with impaired memory function. This implies that impaired memory function goes beyond the period of acute use and is related to a variety of cannabis use parameters. Studies deduce memory impairments to increase proportionate to frequency, dosage, and cumulative dosage of cannabis administration. However, the exact that lead to memory deficits remain to be determined. A collection of research of cannabis users abstinent for reasonably long durations suggest that dysfunctional memory may persist for some time after acute use (Solowij, 2009). The overall evidence from the various reviews suggests that the use of cannabis does in a way affect negatively upon the function of memory. Greater deficits in memory may be apparent in tasks that are more complex and among chronic cannabis users. The kind of memory deficits in chronic cannabis users is not different to that observed under acute influence (Roffman, 2009). Heavy cannabis consumers in the unintoxicated state also indicate impaired immediate, but further delayed free call of verbal information, poor retrieval of information from memory, and difficulties manipulating the contents of the working memory. Memory recognition is inconsistently reported and dysfunctional (Sadider, 2010). Strategies of organizational nature within memory have not received sufficient research. Limited evidence is available for strategy use in spatial working memory. Several studies found similar dysfunctions in cannabis users in learning, on measures of immediate and delayed recall and to research where other verbal learn ing tests have been administered to cannabis users (Roffman, 2009). In sum, there exist a wide range of individual differences in the propensity to create memory impairment associated with long term chronic cannabis use. The effect of multiple interpersonal factors on resilience to and susceptibility to cognitive dysfunction deserves greater attention. Such factors may involve personality and differing genotypes. A perspective to substance use in general may also confer enhanced vulnerability to cannabis related cognitive memory and needs further attention in prospective studies (Allhoff, 2010). Generally, findings of changed brain activation from imaging studies of cannabis users suggest compensatory procedures activated to ameliorate cognitive deficits. A number of recent advances in techniques are beginning to interrogate pertinent questions; however, the field is still open for continued research. The specific nature of memory deficits in cannabis users has not been comprehensiv ely elucidated. Evidence exists for dysfunctional encoding, storage and retrieval (Roffman, 2009). Reference List Allhoff, F., Jacquette, D., Cusick, R. (2010). Cannabis. New York: Wiley Sons. Austin, L. (2010). Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing for Canadian Practice. Sydney: Wolter Kluwer Health. Azzam, A., Yanofski, J., Kaftarian, E. (2010). First Aid for Psychiatry Boards. New York: Wiley Sons. Hall, W. (2009). Review Adverse Health Effects of Non Medical Cannabis. Elsevier, 374 Kanayama, G., Rogowska, J., pope, G., Gruber, A., Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2004). Spatial working Memory in Heavy Cannabis Users. Psychopharmacology, 176:239-47. Lyketsos, g., Garrett, E., Liang, K., Anthony, C. (1999). Cannabis Dependence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mack, A., Harrington, A., Frances, R. (2010). Clinical Manual for Treatment of Alcoholism and Addictions. New York: American Psychiatric Pub. Martin-Santos, R., Fagundo, A., Crippa, J., et al., (2010). Neuroimaging in Cannabis Use. Psychological Medicine, 40, 385-398. Miller, N., Gold, M. (2010). Addiction Disorders in Medical Populations. New York: Wiley Sons. Parath, A. (2009). Clearing the Smoke on cannabis. Canadian Center on Substance Abuse, vol.30 Pope, G., Gruber, J., Hudson, Huestis, A., Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2002). Cognitive Measures in Long Term Cannabis Users. Journal of Clinical pharmacology, 42, 41-47. Ries, R., Miller, S., Fiellen, D. (2009). Principles of Addiction Medicine. Sydney: Wolter Kluwer Health. Roffman, R., Stephen, R. (2009). Cannabis Dependence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sadider, P., Keshavan, M. (2010). Use as a Precipitant of Psychosis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Solowij, N. (2009). Cognitive Abnormalities and Cannabis Use. Psychopharmacol, 23(3), 266-77. Solowij, N. (2002). Cognitive Functioning of Long Term heavy Cannabis Users Seeking Treatment. Journal of American Medical Association, 287(9), 1123-1131. Solowij, N. (1998). Cannabis and Cognitive Functioning. ICambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wilson, W., Mathew, R., Turkington, T., Hawk, T., Coleman, E. (2002). Brain Morphological Changes and Early Marijuana Use. J Addict Dis 2000; 19: 1-22. This research paper on Cannabis and its Effects on Long Term Memory was written and submitted by user Senator Kelly to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

MONTSERRAT essays

MONTSERRAT essays Montserrat is a volcanic island in the Caribbean. On the southern end of the island is the Soufriere Hills volcano. The volcano, which first erupted about 100,000 years ago, has been dormant for centuries. The volcano took the islanders by surprise when it began to erupt again in 1995. Since then life on the island has changed greatly. Montserrat island is located in a 50 million year old subduction zone. This is an area where one of the earths oceanic plates is forced beneath a more buoyant plate. Fluids rich in water and dissolved minerals are taken out of the crust that is being driven into the earths mantle by the extreme temperatures and pressure. When the fluids rise they cause the overlying mantle to melt and form magma. The magma erupts along the subduction zone and eventually builds up on itself and forms volcanic islands. geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt/images/forty.jpg The volcano began erupting again on July 18, 1995 after remaining silent for almost four hundred years. The volcano has erupted numerous times since then. The southern part of the island has been evacuated three times. There are about 3,200 people living on the island today. Of the 8,00 that fled most plan to return to the island once the volcano settles down. The problem is that no one knows when that will be. It could be a long time before the people return to the island. nationalgeographic.com/features/98/volcanoes/images/1ml-back1.jpg Volcanic activity cannot be predicted. Different things happen with different volcanoes and none are the same. Looking back at the volcanoes recent history, it may be safe to assume that the volcano will continue to erupt for a number of years. No one can actually be certain what exactly the volcano will do in the years to come. It may decide to settle down for another four centuries. The only thing that anyone can really do is watch ...