Purpose and History of Penitentiaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reason and History of Penitentiaries - Essay Example Couple with this affirmation, it is clear that a jail was once in a while utilized as a kind of discipline. The nearby detainment facilities held people, young men and young ladies, murders and indebted individuals altogether. During that time, detainment facilities were likewise ineffectively kept up and were for the most part constrained by negligent jail corrections officers. A large portion of those held in the detainment facilities kicked the bucket of maladies, for example, gaol fever (Koritansky, 2011). The most applicable advancement during this time was that structures of the model place of amendment. A large portion of the people held in the cells were transients, frivolous wrongdoers, and cluttered poor local people. Prior to the furthest limit of the seventeenth century, they were caught up in the jail framework, and it fell heavily influenced by nearby equity of harmony. The eighteenth century was portrayed as the hour of ‘Bloody Code’ and capital punishment confronted colossal restriction and members of the jury were declining to give decisions that could prompt the execution of wrongdoers. By mid-eighteenth century detainment and hard work was probably the best kind of discipline for frivolous guilty parties. Transportation was additionally utilized as a methodology of discarding indicted individuals. Be that as it may, towards the finish of the eighteenth century transportation was abridged, and different assents must be found. The absolute most unmistakable options were place of remedy and hard work. This drove brought about usage of jail masses somewhere in the range of 1776 and 1857 (Roth, 2010). In 1777, John Howard cruelly condemned the jail framework since it was soiled, uncouth and confused. This incited him to call for changes that involved establishment of paid staff, legitimate eating regimen, outside review among different requirements for convicts. Nonetheless, other correctional reformers felt that detainees need to endure yet it ought not grave effects on a convict’s wellbeing. The Penitentiary Act of 1799 explained that the gaols should be built for one prisoner for every cell (Roth, 2010). During the main portion of nineteenth century, there was a watershed in state

Ethical delimms Essay Example

Moral delimms Essay Example Moral delimms Essay Moral delimms Essay What is Ethical Dilemmas in the working environment? A quandary typically emerges when there is strife among staff, and their Individual conclusion. An Ethical situation may happen inside at least two individuals, practically all working environment has moral predicaments reason Is staff may all originate from various financial foundations, societies, and convictions. Moral Dilemmas in the work place are basic issues, and can be an overwhelming issue. It can cause a representative not to like their Job, or cause an awful impact on others. A significant number of the various issues that can be confronted are preference, lewd behavior, end of a worker without notice, superfluous deferral in pay, working for more than one association, not carrying out your Responsibility, and taking extreme leave, the rundown can continue forever. It can likewise make an individual have undesirable pressure. As an advocate ones occupation title is filling in as a coach on the floor helping formative grown-ups with piece work, directing people when required, and conforming to state rules, guaranteeing that every single yearly archive are gotten, and documented, Individualized assistance plans are done two times per year, and guaranteeing the wellbeing and greasy everything being equal. Each case load comprise of 10-20 people. This work normally accompanies a dead line, some of the time It additionally accompanies all staff helping with the style. Representative X was employed as an instructor on his first day hands on his Job obligations was again told, alongside his preparation. Anyway he would not fill in as every other person. A considerable lot of times he has been gotten secured away in the workplace declining to help or help with the others. Advocate Z has addressed guide X, anyway nothing has changed. In the end advisor Z went to her executive, and educated them regarding the circumstance. After addressing the chief, advisor Z was educated that they would have a workforce conference with the division during the gathering advocate X expressed that hes consistently on the floor. Indeed the Job depiction was given to all representatives. The executive even settled a turning plan for case the need emerge that extra staff was required on the floor. This arrangement demonstrated office obligations, every advocate will have one day where you were designated to finish all office work and the other office work days was part. Where one advisor was on the floor consistently while the other guide had office obligations. This appeared to work for some time. This appeared to Correcting the Ethical Dilemma of the work place. Advisor X began concealing ceaselessly in the workplace, by and by declining to help on the floor. One day we were so short staff and required however much assistance as could reasonably be expected, the executive pulled staff from different divisions to help us as we had arrived at the organizations dead line, and the request would have been gotten for shipment by the end of business. Instructor X expressed that it was his office day, and he was not leaving his office. Guide Z went to the chief by and by, and tresses her interests, toward the day's end the executive assembled a staff conference, for an in administration on what Job titles were. When asked what was the issues or clashes that the division had, or if there was any worries that should have been corrected nobody said anything, also that a considerable lot of different representatives had similar concerns. I at last said I had a comment I expressed precisely what the issue was. The chief allowed instructor X to guard himself, and obviously he never confessed to doing anything incorrectly. The executive expressed that an advocates Job is Just as significant, as some other situation in the office. The executive likewise expressed taking effect right now no instructor will be in the workplace any one day at whatever week. All instructors will be permitted one day of decision to accomplish paper work, if under any conditions staff is required on the floor one more day will be doled out either that week or the next week to guarantee that all work is finished in an opportune manner. It appeared as though this issue was not going to get redressed. I didn't know whether the executive has ever addressed advisor X, it was muddled in the event that he even comprehended his Job. Following quite a while, of a similar conduct going on. I began to think there is some sort of partiality. I was unable to put my hands on the circumstance. I at long last went to the association. I didn't know whether this was the correct activity, anyway the organization felt solid about taking organization cash, which this was on the grounds that he accomplished no work. As an untouchable do you feel that this circumstance was taken care of in the right way? In the event that you were the executive would you be able to think about a superior method of managing this circumstance? In the event that I was the chief 1 verbal, 1 composed, and a last would have been all that it ought to have taken. In the end the chief moved to an alternate office, and guide X was terminated. This circumstance continued for over 8 months. This moral Dilemma influenced staff as well as influenced the people that we overhauled. Despite the fact that an individual track. Since the association was included the organization has executed the 3 strike rule. In end to the Ethical Dilemmas that are found in numerous territories of the work place. As all workers originate from various different backgrounds, have various convictions, and accept what there societies trust in. Numerous individuals will encounter Ethical Dilemmas in the work place, anyway would it be able to be kept away from, can organizations have enough set up to maintain a strategic distance from circumstances like this or numerous others from happen once more. Nobody ever needs to manage certain situations particularly where one needs to work.

Interesting Shop Samples To Include In Your Narrative Essay

Interesting Shop Samples To Include In Your Narrative EssayIf you have just started to write a good narrative essay, then it is likely that you may be wondering what interesting shop samples to include in your own essay. If you are not sure where to find such samples, or if you do not know how to research the best possible shops, then read on to learn a little more about the topic.Firstly, let us examine the differences between an essay and a novel. A novel is a piece of writing that is made up of words arranged into a story. It can include characters, settings, dialogue, and even events. However, a narrative essay is a collection of different pieces of information about the same person or subject that has been arranged in a sequence.In a story, a person goes through events that form a coherent whole, while in an essay, the different pieces are all based on some type of personal or particular experience that happens to the person. It can be as personal as a love story, as a day in a person's life, or even as an academic argument.There are many different ways that you can go about researching these samples. However, there are some places that stand out as being particularly useful and this article will focus on those in particular.If you want to research your narrative essay at a sample shop, then you should head straight for those places that specialize in writing samples. Writing shops like English4me, Logicworks, or Writersenet make a name for themselves with people who want to write their own work, and so they offer a range of samples that you can use to gain a basic idea of what the type of essay is like.If you want to visit a sample shop in person, then you may want to try one of the smaller stores in your area. This is because they will usually only have a few different samples for you to choose from, which means that you need to be quick.If you want to find a really good and interesting shop to research your story in, then you should head online. There a re plenty of websites that offer such services, and you can use a variety of search engines to see what they have to offer.For example, you could choose to use Google, Yahoo, or MSN, to see what the different shops have to offer. Once you have chosen a shop, make sure that you spend time looking at the samples that they offer, and if you think that you do not understand the stories that they offer, then do not hesitate to contact them by email to ask any questions that you may have.

The Burning of Washington in 1814

The Cyclist Poetry Commentary - 1329 Words

â€Å"The Cyclist† poetry commentary â€Å"The Cyclist† is a poem by Louis MacNeice which romanticizes the fleeting joys of childhood. These joys are emphasised through imagery of summer – be it activities, food, the beach, a bicycle ride, various techniques such as juxtaposition and enjambment are used to evoke fond memories from the reader. MacNeice’s poem is set in the southwest of England, on a hill with a chalk horse carved into it. It is during the height of summer, when the grasshoppers are buzzing and the children are playing outside. The character is a boy or a group of boys, and they are riding bicycles down a hill near to the chalk horse. The structure of the poem is quite disjointed, with only five sentences throughout three stanzas.†¦show more content†¦The wonderfully poetic language assists in the seamless transition from meadow to ocean: the rolling grass hills are likened the boiling waves (heated by the sun), and the pebbles are compared with crabs, scuttering away to escape the bike’s wheel. The â€Å"boys riding their heat-wave† creates a picture of a surfer, â€Å"feet on a narrow plank and hair thrown back†. The narrow plank createsShow MoreRelatedDocumentary Films Have Played an Important Part in Determining the Way We Construct History and Memory. in What Ways D o Documentary Films Dealing with the Holocaust Determine Contemporary Understandings of That Historical Event?2956 Words   |  12 Pagesserved not only to speak their ‘truth of the atrocities but also to document changing paradigms of social thought concerning Holocaust ‘truth. Holocaust History and its documentation: Theodor Adornos famous 1949 injunction that ‘to write poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric is indicative of the initial approaches of documentary to the subject matter. The first documentary footage of the Holocaust was shot as Allied troops entered the camps of Bergen-Belsen and Dachau, but this footage

Horror Movies The Horror Movie Genre - 859 Words

From people gathered around a campfire telling scary stories to people gathered in a crowded theater people love to be frightened. Scary stories were told to teach a lesson or warn someone about something. Horror movies specifically slasher movies do more than just entertain us in their way, they also warn us to be aware of what we’re doing or our surroundings. In most slasher films, there are certain scenarios that have been repeated and copied from the beginning of the genre. Because of the numerous imitations by other films in the past and the present the themes put forth in ground breaking slasher movies are continually reinventing the genre and have added significantly to horror movie history. The definition of a horror film, â€Å"is a film genre seeking to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on the audience’s primal fears (â€Å"Horror Films† (1))†. In the beginning gothic novels by literary works by Mary Shelley, Bram Stoker and Edgar Allan Poe inspired the horror movie genre. These literary works entertain us by teaching us about society or human behavior. When the Lemiere brothers created the film â€Å"Spook Tale† in 1895 it was the first telling of a scary story on film. It wasn’t until 1896 when Georges Melies created the film â€Å"The Manor of the Devil† making it the first horror film some experts argue. Often times there are themes or motifs from past films that in some of the modern films may homage to. In 1932 George ArchainbaudShow MoreRelatedMovies : Genres Of Movies892 Words   |  4 PagesGenres of Movies Movie theater tickets have become increasingly more expensive in recent years. As a result, movie genres that offer a broad range of entertainment and stimulation can make the theater going experience more worthy of the ticket price. Some of the more popular movie genres today are mysteries, science fiction, romantic comedies, animation, documentaries and horror films. Although all of these movie genres may be enjoyed in a theater, horror movies are more worth the ticket price becauseRead MorePeople Watching Movies For Different Entertainment1150 Words   |  5 PagesPeople watch movies for different entertainment reasons. Kids love to watch movies with their families, the movie props, and animation in the movie. Teens enjoy the characters, the content, and movies that aim towards them. Adults relish emotion, re-watching movies, and movies that remind them of their childhood memories. Movie genres such as comedy, educational and horror can fall into all these aspects. Even though so me movies are poor acting or seem nonsensical to one, movie genre such as comedyRead MoreHorror Films By Edgar Allen Poe, Bram Stoker And Marry Shelly1069 Words   |  5 Pagesmost popular film genres today: Horror. Beginning roughly 100 years ago, early horror films were based off of the writings of famous Gothic writers such as Edgar Allen Poe, Bram Stoker and Marry Shelly. However, it was later when the German Expressionism in the form of film dominated the industry, horror films started to develop stronger and stronger. Horror movies are film genre, which typically relates to two patterns as supernatural, massacre, violence and zombies. Each movie genre has different specialRead MoreEssay on Discuss the Appeal of Horror Movies813 Words   |  4 PagesThe horror industry has been virtually dominating Asian cinema over the past few years, overshadowing any other genre in consistency of production and consequent box-office reaping. Countries like Japan, South Korea and Thailand h ave tapped on this market, fuelling their local film industries and clearly profiting from the appeal that horror movies have over audiences globally. Yet, even as we look beyond the economic profitability of this genre, we will discover far more reasons why this genre ofRead MoreThe Horror Of Horror Films1360 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Horror Films are unsettling films designed to frighten and panic, cause dread and alarm, and to invoke our hidden worst fears, often in a terrifying, shocking finale, while captivating and entertaining us at the same time in a cathartic experience.† Horror films have been to Hollywood since the early days of cinematography. Horror films are very interesting to watch because horror movies are scary and we don t know what is going happen next. That kind of suspense in the movies makes us watch moreRead MoreHorror Movies : The 80s And 80s1190 Words   |  5 PagesThe decades that stick out in horror movie history are the 70s and the 80s. Most c ritics would agree with me when I say that the horror movies in the 70s and 80s changed the horror genre forever. The horror movies during those decades are viewed as being the foundation for the horror movies today. But why did those two decades have a significant impact on the horror genre? What made the horror movies better than the horror movies today? The horror movies in the 70s reflected the grim mood of theRead MoreParadox Of Horror Movies951 Words   |  4 PagesThe Horror Paradox Horror movies have been classified as the type of genre that heavily exploits the use of violence and grisly images to appeal to different audiences. In fact, one of the main reasons that horror movies are still celebrated is because of a term, discovered by behavioral researchers, called the â€Å"horror paradox†. Joanne Cantor, the director of the Center for Communication Research at University of Wisconsin, states that â€Å"Since it doesn’t require logic to appreciate, audiences watchRead MoreLiterary Devices In Bram Stokers Dracula1296 Words   |  6 Pagesand still has an immense effect on horror through its use of literary elements which are observable in horror movies. Bram Stokers Dracula was revolutionary in its use of literary devices such as dramatic irony, to convey suspense, and the use of sexuality in literature. These devices were adapted to film in early horror movies and continue to appear till today. Dracula was very influential to the film indus try when it comes to horror movies because horror movies draw a lot of devices used in DraculaRead MoreAnalysis Of Joss Whedon s The Cabin1677 Words   |  7 PagesThe combination of horror and comedy provides an interesting contrast as the two genres try to illicit opposite emotions from their audiences. Joss Whedon’s The Cabin in the Woods is a film that falls under the pseudo-genre of horror comedy, the movie satirizing the cabin-in-the-woods horror subgenre while still providing a good scare. Though the monsters and ghouls of the film are still pretty terrifying, Whedon still manages to poke fun at the tropes found in horror movies and provide insight onRead MoreDesigning An Effective Advertising Poster Campaign For A Specific Film Genre1332 Words   |  6 Pageseffective advertising poster campaign for a specific film genre. I chose the horror genre as I am very interested in the way they are put together and how they create an eerie atmosphere by the technical codes ( e.g. camera shots). For the primary research I created a questionnaire that looked at all the different aspects used to create a successful horror poster. I based my questionnaire around three different posters that were in the sub-genre that I wanted to research, so I could see how effective

Critique of Growth Ecological Economics

Question: Discuss about the Critique of Growth Ecological Economics. Answer: Introduction: The monetary value of all the completed commodities and services that is produced within a border of a country in a specified time is termed as Gross Domestic Product. GDP can be calculated on both quarterly and annual basis. GDP is considered as a wide measurement of a overall economic activity of a nation (Coyle 2016). Real GDP is mostly used to measure the standard of living however; real GDP can be deceptive for several causes. In other words, real GDP does not include household production as well as production activities that are mostly performed by a homeowner. This omission generates a major measurement problem as these tasks are considered as an imperative component of the work of an individual. Real GDP also neglects the background economy as well as those economic activities that are legal but unreported. The measurement of health of an individual as well as life expectancy is also included by real GDP. It also excludes damages caused by environment. It does not recognize the extent of political freedom as well as social justice enjoyed by the citizens of a nation. It has been examined that the statistics of GDP does not comprise the underground or unofficial economy. For example, real GDP accounts for the total market value of all commodities and services that are produced in Australia aft er the deduction of cost of commodities and services (Daly 2013). Unemployment is considered as a phenomenon that takes place when an individual is actively exploring for a job however; he is not able to find a work. It is often used as a measure of the health of the economy. Unemployment rate is considered as the most recurrent measure of unemployment. For example, in Australia, the seasonally adjusted rate of unemployment increased to 5.7 percent in the year 2016 that was recorded to be slightly above market consensus. Government regulation mostly gives rise to unemployment. As per the labor laws, employees should get a certain amount of wages as well as other health insurance benefits from the employers. Increased competition between trades leads to unemployment. One of the key historical reasons that lead to unemployment is raised automation that is referred to as increased technology, which displaces workers. Unemployment also arises due to disparity of skills in the labor market that are generally caused by occupational immobility, which aris es due to difficulties in learning new skills. Structural change in the economy also leads to unemployment. In other words, the decline of coalmines, for example will lead to unemployment among coal miners due to lack of competition (Hobson 2013). Figure: Real Wage Unemployment (Source: Created by Author) The graph shows the occurrence of real wage unemployment that takes place in a competitive market. Q2 indicates the supply of labor that is greater at W2 as compared to the demand for labor at Q. The factors, which makes unemployment unavoidable, mostly comprises of the individuals who enters the workforce searching for a job at a point of time. However, on the other hand, it also becomes unavoidable due to some individuals who stop searching for a job when they are not able to find any. The existence of depressed workers mostly makes unemployment unavoidable (Valletta 2013). Consumer Price Index is considered as a measurement that analyzes the weighted average of prices of a basket of goods and services of customers. A price level is the measurement of present prices of commodities that are produced in an economy within a specified period. On the other hand, inflation is defined as the rate at which general price level for commodities and services increases whereas; purchasing power of currency decreases. Inflation increases with the augment in the average level of prices of goods and services. This is mostly because; the cost of living relies on the average level of prices for both goods and services. Increase in economic movement acts as a key inflationary trigger. As a result, it is highly agreed that increase in average prices for goods and services leads to inflation (Tiwari, Mutascu and Andries 2013). Aggregate demand is also termed as domestic final demand that describes the total demand for goods and services in an economy at a given period. The aggregate demand curve is plotted with price level on the vertical axis and real output on the horizontal axis. Figure: Aggregate Demand (Source: Created by Author) The aggregate demand curve describes the relationship between two factors such as, the quantity of output that is demanded as well as aggregate level of price. The aggregate demand curve symbolizes the overall quantity of all commodities that is demanded by the economy at diverse level of prices. The aggregate level of price is mostly measured by the consumer price index (Gal 2013). There are mostly three reasons that lead to downward sloping aggregate demand curve. The major reason is the wealth effect. The aggregate demand curve is illustrated under the assumption of the fact that government holds the supply of money constant. As the level of price increases, the wealth of the economy as estimated by the supply of money diminishes in value as the purchasing power of money falls. An aggregate demand curve is shown in the following diagram. The vertical axis shows the level of price of all final commodities and services (Godin 2014). Figure: Aggregate demand curve slopes downwards (Source: Created by Author) The wealth effect leads to an inverse relationship between the level of price and real GDP that leads to downward sloping aggregate demand curve. The second reason that leads to downward sloping demand curve is the interest rate effect. As the level of price rises, firms necessitate more money in order to handle their transaction. With the increase in rate of interest, spending that is receptive to interest rate reduces. The third reason that leads to downward sloping aggregate demand curve is the effects of net export. As the domestic level of price increases, abroad made commodities becomes comparatively reasonable so that the demand for imports rises (Jain, Tantri and Thirumalai 2016). Aggregate supply is mostly described as the total supply of commodities and services that firms in a national economy are eager to sell at a specified level of price. On the other hand, long-run is the conceptual period in which there are no fixed cost of production. The aggregate supply curve gets affected by capital, technology as well as labor in the long-run. The long-run aggregate supply curve changes the slowest of the three ranges of the aggregate supply curve and as a result, it is termed as static. Figure: Vertical LAS Curve (Source: Created by Author) The long-run aggregate supply curve is vertical that reflects the principle of the economists regarding the fact that aggregate demand changes only due to a temporary change in total output of an economy. It also indicates a prospective output and it also shows that it leads to increase in input prices. An example of circumstances that leads to shift in the long-run curve towards the right is the increase in population as well as increase in physical capital shock. Figure: Upward Sloping SAS Curve (Source: Created by Author) The short-run aggregate supply curve takes place when increase in price leads to increase in quantity. The sticky-wage model and the sticky-price model helps to explain the cause behind the upward-sloping short-run aggregate supply curve. the curve is mostly upward sloping due to the fact that firms always tends to increase the level of price with rise in demand. For example, the decrease in wages as well as augment in physical capital leads to short-run aggregate supply (Stiglitz and Rosengard 2015). References Coyle, D., 2016. Economics: GDP in the dock.Nature,534(7608), pp.472-474. Daly, H., 2013. A further critique of growth economics.Ecological economics,88, pp.20-24. Gal, J., 2013. Notes for a new guide to Keynes (I): wages, aggregate demand, and employment.Journal of the European Economic Association,11(5), pp.973-1003. Godin, A., 2014. Marc Lavoie, Post-Keynesian Economics: New Foundations. Chapter 5. Effective Demand and Employment.Revue de la rgulation. Capitalisme, institutions, pouvoirs, (16). Hobson, J.A., 2013.The Economics of Unemployment (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Jain, A., Tantri, P.L. and Thirumalai, R.S., 2016. Downward Sloping Demand Curve, Price Pressure, or Slow Moving Capital?: Evidence from an Exogenous Supply Shock.Price Pressure, or Slow Moving Capital. Stiglitz, J.E. and Rosengard, J.K., 2015.Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Tiwari, A.K., Mutascu, M. and Andries, A.M., 2013. Decomposing time-frequency relationship between producer price and consumer price indices in Romania through wavelet analysis.Economic Modelling,31, pp.151-159. Valletta, R.G., 2013. House lock and structural unemployment.Labour Economics,25, pp.86-97.

Cannabis and its Effects on Long Term Memory

The use of cannabis is often associated with memory challenges in the short term and long term basis. Studies continue to be carried out to determine if chronic cannabis use affects long term memory by examining variety of cognitive functions. This paper reviews related literature on memory dysfunction in cannabis users (Parath, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cannabis and its Effects on Long Term Memory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The literature reviews includes studies that looked at memory function in cannabis users of chronic intoxication period (Austin, 2010). Specifically, it examines studies in working memory and verbal episodic memory. In addition, they have continued to deduce evidence indicating impaired encoding, storage, manipulation and retrieval systems in long term cannabis users (Allhoff, 2010). Cannabis is extracted from the plant Cannabis sativa. Usually, Cannabis is taken i n the form of dried leaves and female flower heads, or the resin secreted by these. This drug can be eaten, but is more usually smoked in the form of cannabis cigarette, or joint, often mixed with tobacco, or in pipe. Cannabis is an illicit drug that is commonly consumed in Europe and approximately 10% of adults aged 16-59 years in the UK used it in the year 2000 (Solowij, 1998). Majority of cannabis users attribute short memory problems as the most prevalent and this forms part of the reason many of them seek help to quit or reduce its consumption. Scientific literature in general avers memory impairment as often cited in relation to cannabis use (Wilson et al., 2002). Cannabis use has risen to become the most widely used drug in the developed world over the years. The memory function in general has been studied in acute administration studies of long term users of cannabis to humans and animals, and in long term studies of cannabis users (Pope et al., 2002). Cannabinoid System and Memory Endogenous Cannabinoid system is directly involved in the necessary functions of memory. This is because cannabinoid receptors happen in high density in brain areas critically involved in memory functions. Profoundly, cannabinoid affects synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory, disrupting long term potential in hippocampus (Martin-Santos, 2010). Cannabinoid receptors are metabotropic receptors which are the most common in the brain and are involved in multiple physiological and behavioural events. They are found on pre-synaptic terminals in locations concerned in cognition, especially learning and memory, critically in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulated, basal ganglia and cerebellum (Miller, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Endogenous cannabinoid system guides the flow of information in the brain through retrogrades signalling, modul ating inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter release critical for synaptic plasticity, depolarisation-induced suppression of inhibition or excitation, long term potentiation, and hence learning, memory and other higher cognitive functions (Kanayama et al., 2004). Structural Brain Changes Related with Chronic cannabis use There is lack of concrete lack evidence in most undertaken indicating that structural brain alterations in cannabis users. There are no global or regional alterations in brain tissue volume or composition in some recent studies (Ries, 2009). Other studies have discovered grey and white matter density alterations globally or in para-hippocampal areas. Utilizing more sensitive measures and assessing cannabis consumers with greater exposure to cannabis than previous research, critical reduction of hippocampus and amygdale volumes in long term cannabis users have recently been reported (Lyketsos et al., 1999). Hippocampus volume reduction was related to dose, correl ating with current daily dose, and cumulatively. Only excessive daily doses over long period of time, will lead to structural changes. Another critical factor may be the age of onset of cannabis use. This has a devastating impact to the brain, specifically cannabis consumers’ start at the early stages of neurodevelopment (Allhoff, 2010). Evidence adduced recently of reduced neuronal and axonal integrity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex represented by magnetic resonance spectroscopic markers of metabolism (Solowij, 2009). Changes related to dose were found in anterior cingulate and globus pallidum, but not in hippocampus. Solid evidence for dose related cumulative neuronal damage, neuronal and synaptic density. Since functional dysfunction is likely to precede major structural changes in the brain, or to show concomitant to more minor neural alterations. This presents good reason to think that long term effects of use of cannabis on memory function (Wilson et al., 2002). A Review of Related Literature: Effects of Cannabis Use on Cognitive ability in the long term Cannabis has the ability to exert prominent effects on the central nervous system. In the central nervous system, cannabis acts on an endogenous cannabinoid system that is concerned with regulation of mood, memory, emotion, attention, and other cognitive functions (Hall, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cannabis and its Effects on Long Term Memory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cannabinoid receptors play a significant role in memory storage and retrieval processes. Discoveries from human and animal research reveal that prolonged use of cannabis changes the functioning of the cannabinoid system of the brain. However, this does not lead to serious impairment (Solowij, 2002). Observation for structural brain impairment for in humans following long term cannabis use has not been sustained generally. Some cu rrent research has discovered no global or regional alterations in brain tissue volumes. Other studies have however, shown grey and white matter density changes world wide undertaken to date lack evidence of changes in structural brain in cannabis users or in para-hippocampal areas (Wilson et al., 2002). A recent study that used unique techniques of measurement to indicate that frequent but relatively short term use of cannabis creates neither structural brain abnormalities nor global or regional alterations in the brain tissue volume or composition that are assessable by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Pope et al., 2002). Several studies have indicated altered brain function and metabolism in humans due to acute and chronic use of cannabis using cerebral blood flow, positron emission tomography, and electroencephalographic methods. In sum, use of cannabis has deleterious effects on memory and attention (Solowij, 2009). Individuals who use cannabis show clear signs of cognitive im pairments relative to controls. More of concern about cannabis is that its use may cause neurological damage resulting in persistent cognitive deficits, but the evidence is currently inconclusive. The evidence, however, does suggest that early use of cannabis may cause long-term cognitive problems (Solowij, 1998). Chronic Use of Cannabis and cognitive Dysfunction Cognitive dysfunctions or impairments, specifically deficits in short term memory, are reported by many cannabis addicts who seek help to stop using cannabis, and are often advanced as one of the main reasons for needing to stop using cannabis (Allhoff, 2010). However, evidence provided from controlled studies shows that long term heavy use of cannabis does not appear to produce severe debilitating dysfunction of cognitive function like that produced by chronic heavy alcohol use (Ries, 2009). Nonetheless, there is evidence that long term or heavy cannabis users exhibit more subtle types of cognitive impairment that are dete cted in well controlled studies using sensitive measures (Lyketsos et al., 1999).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Earlier studies of the cognitive effects of chronic cannabis use have elicited major concern that cannabis users may have had poorer cognitive functioning than controls before they commenced to administer cannabis (Sadider, 2010). However, studies from the recent past have looked at this problem by matching users and non-users on estimated premorbid intellectual functioning or on test performance prior to the onset of cannabis use. These studies have revealed cognitive impairments associated with frequent and long term use of cannabis (Solowij, 1998). Frequent cannabis consumers were showed impairment in tests assessing verbal expression, mathematics, and memory. Heavy users of cannabis were more susceptible to interference, made more perseverance errors, had poorer recall, and indicated deficient learning compared to light users (Wilson et al., 2002). Solowij et al., (2002) discovered few dysfunctions when they compared neuropsychological performance of dependent, heavy cannabis us ers with an average 10 years of regular use to anon-user control group. Chronic cannabis users with a regular use averaging 24 years were discovered with impaired attention and had retarded memory in general with dysfunctional verbal learning. Both groups of users indicated impaired temporal judgment. Solowij (1998) in a series of earlier studies applied more sensitive measures of brain function to demonstrate attention impairments in short term users. Solowij et al., (2002) deduced that long term use of cannabis escalated memory impairment. Specific deficits in verbal learning, memory and attention continue to be the most consistently replicated impairments to cannabis users. These impairments are associated to the period, frequency, and cumulative dose impacts (Pope et al., 2002). Differential effects of the various parameters of cannabis use such as, frequency, duration and dose, have not been investigated consistently. As a result, studies are still ongoing to determine whether memory impairments should be related or associated to acute, drug dose, and others occurring the brain memory due to long term cannabis exposure (Solowij et al., 2002). Studies continue to be conducted to investigate the propensity for recovery of cognitive functioning following cessation of cannabis use. Solowij (1998) discovered partial recovery following median 2 years abstinence in a small group of ex-users performing a selective attention task. However, sensitive brain event related potential measures continued to indicate impaired information processing that was correlated with the number of years of cannabis use. Solowij et al., (2002) showed persistent dose associated decrements in neuro-cognitive performance after 28 days abstinence in heavy young users of mean age 20, 5 years use. According to pope et al., (2002), verbal and memory deficits persisted in those who had started using cannabis prior to the age of 17 years but not in those who commenced later in life. The sampl ed population was between the ages of 30 and 55 years at the time of research. This observation agrees with other observations of adverse effects in that beginning regular cannabis use before versus after the age of 17 years (Wilson, et al., 2000). There is still need for further studies to elucidate the effect of cannabis use in developing brain. Solowij (2009) reported that hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and cerebellum are main sections of endogenous cannabinoid activity and heavily implicated in the cognitive impairments associated with chronic cannabis use. Lyketsos et al., (1999) were able to report the only large scale prospective epidemiological study of the effect of cannabis use on cognitive functioning. They made assessments on cognitive reduction on the Mini Mental State Examination in 1318 adults over 11.5 years. They deduced no relationship between cannabis use and decline in Mini Mental state Examination score, and this persisted when adjustments were made for sex, age , education, minority status, and use of alcohol and tobacco. This study concurs with other evidence that cannabis does not produce gross cognitive impairment (Pope et al., 2002). Memory in Chronic Cannabis Users A cute administration of cannabis can disrupt the working memory. Animal literature exists that reports impaired working memory following acute and chronic use of cannabinoid, including an impaired delayed matching to sample tasks that resembles lesions or removal of the hippocampus (Azzam, 2010). A growing number of recent literatures have continued to study working memory and related functions in chronic cannabis users. Kanayama et al., (2004) examined spatial working memory in long term heavy cannabis users by using functional magnetic resonance imaging using relatively simple tasks. In this study non users made non significant more errors on the task, although few errors in both groups reflected the simplicity of the task and it has been suggested that performance defic its in chronic cannabis users are more likely to be elicited in complex tasks (Kanayama et al., 2004). In addition, Kanayama et al (2004) studies revealed that cannabis users exhibited widespread brain activation with enhanced activation of areas utilized in spatial working memory tasks. They interpreted their findings in terms of cannabis users experiencing subtle neuro-physiological deficits for which they compensate by working harder and calling upon additional brain regions to meet task requirements (Mack, 2010). In a study of abstinent adolescents aged 13-18, cannabis and tobacco smokers compared to tobacco only smokers (Hall, 2009). The group identified functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of changed neuro-circuitry during the performance of an n-back auditory working memory task in the cannabis group, but only during nicotine withdrawal. Representative samples were tested twice, once during an ad libitum cigarette smoking condition, and again after 24 hrs abstention s from tobacco and cannabis users were in abstinence from cannabis for at least two weeks prior to testing. Cannabis users who abstained from tobacco revealed enhanced task biased activation, for instance, posterior cortical regions and others (Solowij, 1998). A study using real world functions approach examined mood and cognitive performance in a sample of workers with and without recent cannabis use, before and after work at the start and end of the working week. There were scanty details regarding cannabis levels in the sample. A verbal reasoning task was used to measure working memory. Other memory tasks encompassed immediate and delayed free recall and recognition of 20 words presented on a computer screen and a semantic processing task measuring speed of knowledge retrieval from general memory (Pope et al 2002). Poorer performance in verbal reasoning was apparent in cannabis users at the start of the working week and correlated and frequency of cannabis use. Lacklustre perform ance in verbal reasoning in delayed recall was found in cannabis users pre-work at the end of the working week and was correlated with duration of cannabis use. Cannabis users also indicated slower response organization and lower alertness than non-users, and slower psychomotor speed toward the end of the week, reflecting a lack of improvement in the speed over the working week in contrast to controls, rather than a progressive slowing by cannabis users (Solowij et al., 2002). Episodic Verbal Memory Verbal learning and memory have been the most impaired cognitive functions in the studies of acute cannabis use as well as in chronic cannabis users. Cannabis users experience impairments in cognition in terms of the period of cannabis use and the frequency of cannabis consumption, and lastly, the impact of cumulative dosage. Studies of acute cannabis use suggest that poorer performance can be seen in immediate and delayed recall of words. Recent studies have replicated dysfunction in le arning, recall, and delayed recall, with some evidence of rot. The studies deduced 17 hour abstinent long term chronic cannabis users recalled fewer words than shorter term chronic users and non user controls over learning trials (Roffman, 2009). Conclusion Satisfactory evidence has gathered from recent research of cannabis users in the unintoxicated state to conclude heavy cannabis use in the long term is associated with impaired memory function. This implies that impaired memory function goes beyond the period of acute use and is related to a variety of cannabis use parameters. Studies deduce memory impairments to increase proportionate to frequency, dosage, and cumulative dosage of cannabis administration. However, the exact that lead to memory deficits remain to be determined. A collection of research of cannabis users abstinent for reasonably long durations suggest that dysfunctional memory may persist for some time after acute use (Solowij, 2009). The overall evidence from the various reviews suggests that the use of cannabis does in a way affect negatively upon the function of memory. Greater deficits in memory may be apparent in tasks that are more complex and among chronic cannabis users. The kind of memory deficits in chronic cannabis users is not different to that observed under acute influence (Roffman, 2009). Heavy cannabis consumers in the unintoxicated state also indicate impaired immediate, but further delayed free call of verbal information, poor retrieval of information from memory, and difficulties manipulating the contents of the working memory. Memory recognition is inconsistently reported and dysfunctional (Sadider, 2010). Strategies of organizational nature within memory have not received sufficient research. Limited evidence is available for strategy use in spatial working memory. Several studies found similar dysfunctions in cannabis users in learning, on measures of immediate and delayed recall and to research where other verbal learn ing tests have been administered to cannabis users (Roffman, 2009). In sum, there exist a wide range of individual differences in the propensity to create memory impairment associated with long term chronic cannabis use. The effect of multiple interpersonal factors on resilience to and susceptibility to cognitive dysfunction deserves greater attention. Such factors may involve personality and differing genotypes. A perspective to substance use in general may also confer enhanced vulnerability to cannabis related cognitive memory and needs further attention in prospective studies (Allhoff, 2010). Generally, findings of changed brain activation from imaging studies of cannabis users suggest compensatory procedures activated to ameliorate cognitive deficits. A number of recent advances in techniques are beginning to interrogate pertinent questions; however, the field is still open for continued research. The specific nature of memory deficits in cannabis users has not been comprehensiv ely elucidated. Evidence exists for dysfunctional encoding, storage and retrieval (Roffman, 2009). Reference List Allhoff, F., Jacquette, D., Cusick, R. (2010). Cannabis. New York: Wiley Sons. Austin, L. (2010). Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing for Canadian Practice. Sydney: Wolter Kluwer Health. Azzam, A., Yanofski, J., Kaftarian, E. (2010). First Aid for Psychiatry Boards. New York: Wiley Sons. Hall, W. (2009). Review Adverse Health Effects of Non Medical Cannabis. Elsevier, 374 Kanayama, G., Rogowska, J., pope, G., Gruber, A., Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2004). Spatial working Memory in Heavy Cannabis Users. Psychopharmacology, 176:239-47. Lyketsos, g., Garrett, E., Liang, K., Anthony, C. (1999). Cannabis Dependence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mack, A., Harrington, A., Frances, R. (2010). Clinical Manual for Treatment of Alcoholism and Addictions. New York: American Psychiatric Pub. Martin-Santos, R., Fagundo, A., Crippa, J., et al., (2010). Neuroimaging in Cannabis Use. Psychological Medicine, 40, 385-398. Miller, N., Gold, M. (2010). Addiction Disorders in Medical Populations. New York: Wiley Sons. Parath, A. (2009). Clearing the Smoke on cannabis. Canadian Center on Substance Abuse, vol.30 Pope, G., Gruber, J., Hudson, Huestis, A., Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2002). Cognitive Measures in Long Term Cannabis Users. Journal of Clinical pharmacology, 42, 41-47. Ries, R., Miller, S., Fiellen, D. (2009). Principles of Addiction Medicine. Sydney: Wolter Kluwer Health. Roffman, R., Stephen, R. (2009). Cannabis Dependence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sadider, P., Keshavan, M. (2010). Use as a Precipitant of Psychosis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Solowij, N. (2009). Cognitive Abnormalities and Cannabis Use. Psychopharmacol, 23(3), 266-77. Solowij, N. (2002). Cognitive Functioning of Long Term heavy Cannabis Users Seeking Treatment. Journal of American Medical Association, 287(9), 1123-1131. Solowij, N. (1998). Cannabis and Cognitive Functioning. ICambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wilson, W., Mathew, R., Turkington, T., Hawk, T., Coleman, E. (2002). Brain Morphological Changes and Early Marijuana Use. J Addict Dis 2000; 19: 1-22. This research paper on Cannabis and its Effects on Long Term Memory was written and submitted by user Senator Kelly to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

MONTSERRAT essays

MONTSERRAT essays Montserrat is a volcanic island in the Caribbean. On the southern end of the island is the Soufriere Hills volcano. The volcano, which first erupted about 100,000 years ago, has been dormant for centuries. The volcano took the islanders by surprise when it began to erupt again in 1995. Since then life on the island has changed greatly. Montserrat island is located in a 50 million year old subduction zone. This is an area where one of the earths oceanic plates is forced beneath a more buoyant plate. Fluids rich in water and dissolved minerals are taken out of the crust that is being driven into the earths mantle by the extreme temperatures and pressure. When the fluids rise they cause the overlying mantle to melt and form magma. The magma erupts along the subduction zone and eventually builds up on itself and forms volcanic islands. geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt/images/forty.jpg The volcano began erupting again on July 18, 1995 after remaining silent for almost four hundred years. The volcano has erupted numerous times since then. The southern part of the island has been evacuated three times. There are about 3,200 people living on the island today. Of the 8,00 that fled most plan to return to the island once the volcano settles down. The problem is that no one knows when that will be. It could be a long time before the people return to the island. nationalgeographic.com/features/98/volcanoes/images/1ml-back1.jpg Volcanic activity cannot be predicted. Different things happen with different volcanoes and none are the same. Looking back at the volcanoes recent history, it may be safe to assume that the volcano will continue to erupt for a number of years. No one can actually be certain what exactly the volcano will do in the years to come. It may decide to settle down for another four centuries. The only thing that anyone can really do is watch ...

Implementation, Strategic Controls, and Contingency Plans Research Paper - 3

Implementation, Strategic Controls, and Contingency Plans - Research Paper Example The plan (implementation) can be monitored effectively if it is categorized and sub divided into steps. The steps can be listed as follows. B&G Foods must work on knowing all the details related to the â€Å"Strategic Plan† i.e. the strategies developed or proposed previously. Each of the strategy including promotion and marketing, Expansion of the product line and technological advancement must be known to the employers. The outcome of analyzing the strategic plan will illustrate the objectives and goals that are needed to be fulfilled. This step will help in setting the priorities and also to recognize the most difficult tasks. The tasks will be studied and the employees of B&G Foods will work for their solution in the best possible ways (functional tactics). All the aspects related to the time and costs are to be evaluated, to identify the least effective to the most useful and cost effective tasks. Once the evaluation of the strategy is done the employers of B&G Foods need to make a vision of â€Å"What they want to do?† This vision may include the goals identified and the priorities that are set in the Evaluation step. This is a step-by-step plan to achieving the goals; every employee must be informed of his/her duties. The development of a team is the next step of the Implementation Plan. The employers of the B&G Foods have to make sure that the teams that are formed are well organized and have the skills required. The communication channel must be strong among the team members so that they can interact easily and work together in a more effective and efficient manner. The introduction of a team member in the team will help the team focused in a certain direction. The scheduling (deadlines and milestones) is explained to the team members and they are asked to work according to the plan. The weekly or monthly meetings must be scheduled in order to get the information about the work of the team and discuss the progress. The team(s) must be guided

Transforming organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Transforming organizations - Essay Example All the theories of organizational development aim toward improving individual organizations. Such a notion of organizational development differs considerably from the traditional techniques of organizational change. This paper aims at answering the various questions related to organizational development and the traditional methods. Traditional, Pragmatic and scholarly forms of transforming organizations The traditional systems of organizational change emphasize mainly on identifying the problems arising in an organization and then making efforts to make changes to the factors that are creating such problems. It is an endeavor to bring about changes in isolated behaviors that are responsible for certain unwelcome outcomes. It does not pay much attention to the cooperative action of the managers as well as the employees at the different hierarchical levels to solve the problems. Traditionalists argue that the long established values that human beings possess should be the driving forc e of OD. It should be based on equality, faith and collaboration (Trends within OD and Their Impact on OD’s Future, 2012). The pragmatic forms relate to the growing demands for professionalization and emphasizes on relevance. They desire that OD should create a common body of knowledge, describe the minimum level of aptitude and introduce regulatory infrastructure. The scholarly forms of OD are based on the ability to understand, predict and control change. They are more inclined towards creating knowledge and figure out proactively how change is triggered and under what circumstances it works effectively. These differences are illustrated in Figure 1 (See Figure 1 in Appendix B). Changes in the methods of organizational development There are different forms of organizational development in terms of both theoretical and philosophical grounds. These different practices of organizational development have emerged, according to general thinking, as a result of a shift in the awar eness of people and their acceptance of the new theories and more importantly because, these new theories become effective in practice. They throw light on new ways of improving effectiveness of the organizations alongside staying true to the humanistic value base of the organizational development (Bushe & Marshak, 2009, p. 349). The form of OD that is prevalent and is commonly found to be explained in OD textbooks is the Diagnostic OD. Contrary to this, a new form of OD is followed by the organizations that have been named as the Dialogic form of OD. In the foundational theory of OD, organizations are believed to adapt to their outside environment similar to the way employees adapt to the internal environment of the organization. The Diagnostic OD refers to the process of collecting data for making comparisons between a team or company against a given prescriptive model. Methodologies in this process include classical research, socio-technical analysis of systems, survey feedback, SWOT analysis and effective team development. These are incorporated into the methods of problem solving and action planning. The central aspect of this form of OD lies in the assumption that the objective data can be used in the process of social discovery. The classical system of organizational development pushes people to think of companies as an assortment of structures that co-evolve with their environment and adapt to it. However the emerging practices of orga

Narrative Argument About Education Essay Example for Free

Narrative Argument About Education Essay Reading the web is not the same as reading in the book or magazine or even newspaper. The information that you read from the internet may not stick with you as long as it would if you were to read a book, newspaper, magazine, or journal. This can’t be a hundred percent accurate for everyone, but according to most people that I have questioned, the information that they read from the web/internet doesn’t stick with them as long as it does when they read an actual book, newspaper, or magazine. Personal computers can be empowering tools in a way of learning about technology, but in my opinion they do no good for learning when it comes to critical thinking skills and gaining accurate information for yourself. Most of the web pages that are out there are not even filled with accurate information. If there is no context on the web for the research you are looking up, then neither is there any history for it. Nothing online has been indexed before 1980, so therefore; the information is not completely accurate and gainful knowledge. According to Judith Levine, most of the data her students net are like trash fish, and by that I feel like she means that the information that they get is worthless and will not help them in any way. I would have to say that I can agree with her statement because as a web surfer myself I don’t see how it helps me. Yes, it does give me certain education in the information that I am surfing about, but it does and will not help me as much as it would if I were to read a book about that very same subject. I can gain more knowledge and keep it memorized with a book much easier than I can surfing the web. Judith talks about her students not being able to concentrate when she asks them to organize their impressions into coherent stories, and I find that to be due to the lack of critical thinking skills from not reading books anymore and using this computer technology for all of their research and surfing articles. I feel like students don’t get the full education of the subject that they need when they shortcut it by using the web for their papers. I agree with Judith’s statement about the diagnosis of an epidemic attention deficit disorder. It can be caused by the casual clicking and pointing that has come to stand in for intellectual inquiry. Technology may empower, but when will the power of it be used? Students don’t read anymore and so their critical thinking skills are not as great as they could be if they would just read instead. They should be reading books like literature, history, poetry, and politics so they can be listening to people who know what they are talking about. Otherwise, the information they get will be of no use to them. â€Å"The search engines that retrieve more than 100,000 links or none at all, they will be awkward at discerning meaning, or discerning at all† (Paragraph 14). After reading the story of Judith Levine’s argument about using the web for research papers versus reading books, I can feel like I totally agree with her on every aspect. â€Å"Because reading makes you use your brain. While reading you would be forced to reason out many things which are unfamiliar to you. Reading improves your vocabulary: Remember in elementary school when you learned how to infer the meaning of one word by reading the context of the other words in the sentence? You get the same benefit from book reading. While reading books, especially challenging ones, you will find yourself exposed to many new words you wouldn’t be otherwise.† â€Å"Reading also improves concentration and focus. It requires you to focus on what you are reading for long periods. Unlike magazines, internet posts or e-mails that might contain small chunks of information, books tell the whole story. Since you must concentrate in order to read, like a muscle, you will get better at concentration†Ã‚   Just like Judith talked about in her argument, she feels like the etiology of attention deficit disorder is due to the fact that students these days are not reading books anymore, but are only surfing the web which doesn’t help the brain to focus and concentrate. When students surf the web for answers there is no way of them being able to know if any particular fact is accurate or not. But when they read books it gives them better information that is sure to be accurate. So, when Judith Levine argues the point that she feels reading books, magazines, newspapers and etc. â€Å"are better that surfing the web, I would have to agree with her because it help us in our comprehension, practices our fluency, and many others. But nowadays, because reading books is boring and you have to read for almost a week or month, students today are so lazy to that and they always have the speech of, it’s a waste of time† â€Å"Using Computer is widely practice today’s generation. It is almost needed in the society. You can also be called an illiterate when you don’t know how to use it, because even a 7 years old kid can use the computer. Computers are easy to use, reliable, fast, and consume a short period of time† I believe that is why in the beginning of Judith’s argument she quoted Bill Gates statement after he bestowed a $200 million gift to America’s public libraries so they could hook up to the internet and I understand why he would feel the way he does about computers because of how popular they are in today’s society, but in my opinion I feel that they are not as empowering as people seem to think that they are. They will not give you the education and critical thinking skills that you need like books will do for you. So, therefore; I would have to agree with her argument towards Bill Gates decision and statement.

Free College Admissions Essays: Responding to Future Challenges :: College Admissions Essays

Responding to Future Challenges    As the world grows so do our challenges. Not only are our problems growing in number but they are also growing in complexity. There is scarcely a day that goes by when I don't hear about some new problem that will soon threaten us all. While some of these problems such as El Nino, earthquakes, and other natural disasters cannot be stopped -- there are other challenges such as the spread of racial hatred, rising risk of disease spread, and the growing levels of civil unrest throughout much of the world which threaten many lives everyday. Most of the future's challenges will only be made possible if all people, regardless of race, color, or nationality, attempt to work together for a stronger world. There are many ways in which I believe that I can help society meet this future challenge of coming together as a united world.    While I was an exchange student, I saw the world from a different point of view. For the first time, I realized that the people of the world have so many similarities in comparison to the few and insignificant differences. To make the people of the world unite would merely take time in convincing people of the world that we are all in pursuit of the same basic goals. All that it would take to show that this could be done is two different cultures to unite and then the rest of the world what can come by the strength all gain by coming together.    I believe that I can help in solving some of the barriers that hold us back from completing the task that we all desire which is unity. I served as a miniature version of a diplomat when I was an exchange student. I helped people in another country see that we all have common goals and I also helped sever the bonds to racial hatred by providing them insight into the American way of thinking and they did likewise for me. I have done everything to help sever these ancient bonds and will continue to do so in the future as I feel I am called to do.    Many suffer problems on a much less grandiose scale. Although these problems may not seem to be as big as world peace or global warming, they are however present.

Role of Project Manager

NICMAR ASSIGNMENT ON â€Å"ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS† SUBMITTED BY: JHA PRAVIN KUMAR JOSHI SOURABH MALANI GOVIND 221071 221074 221094 GUIDED BY: Prof. T. K. GANGULI ACM 22-SECTION 2 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH, PUNE ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 1 NICMAR INDEX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Role of Project Manager 2. 1 Planning 2. 2 Organizing 2. 3 Controlling 2. 4 Leading 2. 5 Communicating 2. 6 Cognitive functions 2. 7 Self management functions 2. 8 Motivational and personal development functions 2. 9 Customer awareness functions 2. 0 Organizational savvy functions 2. 11 Project Manager’s Unofficial Job Duties 3. Conclusion Page no. 3 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 2 NICMAR 1. Introduction 1. 1 Project A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to achieve a particular aim. At the most basic level, a project is actually the response to a need, the solution to a problem. Further it is a solution that promises a bene fit especially financial benefit. The fundamental purpose for most projects is to either make money or save money, hence projects should be financially justifiable. A project is temporary in nature; that means that it has a specific start and finish. A project consists of a well defined collection of small jobs and ordinarily culminates in the creation of an end product or products. A project is a unique, one time undertaking; it will never again be done exactly the same way, by the same people, and within the same environment. There will always be some uncertainty associated with the project. This uncertainty represents risks to your ability to make definitive plans and predict outcomes with high level of confidence. All projects consume resources in the form of time, money, materials and labour. 1. 2 Project Management Project management is the application of knowledge, skill, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirement. The project management process calls for the creation of a small organizational (project team), which is often a microcosm of larger organization. Once the team has produced desired outcome, the process then calls for the decommissioning of that small organizational structure. The project form of organization allows the manager to be responsive to: †¢ †¢ †¢ The client and the environment Identify and correct problems at an early date Make timely decisions about trade-offs between conflicting project goals ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 3 NICMAR †¢ Ensure that managers of the separate tasks that comprise the project do not optimize the performance of their individual tasks at the expense of the total project- that is, that they do not suboptimize. 1. 3 Project Manager A project manager is usually responsible for the success or the failure of the project. They first need to define the project and then build its work plan. If the scope of the project is not very clear, or the project is executing poorly, the manager is held accountable. However, this does not mean that the manager does all the work by himself (which is practically impossible). There is an entire team under the project manager, which helps to achieve all the objectives of the project. However, if something goes wrong, the project manager is ultimately accountable. Apart from this, depending on the size and the complexity of the project, they may need to take on multiple roles. The project manager may need to assist with gathering business requirements, help to design a database management system or may prepare project documentation. They may work full time on a large project, or may work part-time on various projects of a smaller nature; or may alternatively handle various projects as well as handle other responsibilities like business analysis and business development. At times, they may have accountability but not authority. For example, he or she may be using certain resources but might not have direct control over those resources. At such times, the manager might find certain limitations over task execution, which might not take place as they might have liked. Not having direct control over the state of finances and finance allocation might cause ambiguity. Project managers use project management software, such as Microsoft Project, to organize their tasks and workforce. These software packages allow project managers to produce reports and charts in a few minutes, compared to the several hours it can take if they do not use a software package. ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 4 NICMAR In order to be successful, the project manager must be given support and authority by senior management. 2. Role of Project Manager It is the responsibility of project manager to make sure that the customer is satisfied and the work scope is completed in a quality manner, using budget, and on time. The Project Manager has primary responsibility for providing leadership in planning, organizing and controlling the work effort to accomplish the project objectives. In other words, the project manager provides the leadership to project team to accomplish the project objective. The project manager coordinates the activities of various team members to ensure that they perform the right tasks at the proper time, as a cohesive group. The different roles of project manager are as follows: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Planning Organizing Controlling Leading Communicating Cognitive functions Self management functions Motivational and personal development functions Customer awareness functions Organizational savvy functions ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 5 NICMAR 2. 1 Planning First, the project manager clearly defines the project objectives and reaches agreement with the customer on this objective. The manager then communicate this objective to the project team in such a manner as to create a vision of what will constitute successful accomplishment of the objective. The project manager spearheads development of a plan to achieve the project objectives. By involving the project team in developing this plan, the project manager ensures more comprehensive plan than he or she could develop alone. Furthermore, such participation gains the commitment of the team to achieve the plan. The project manager reviews the plan with the customer to gain endorsement and then sets up the project management information system-either manual or computerized-for comparing actual progress to plan progress. It’s important that this system be explained to the project team so that the team can use it properly to manage the project. 2. 2 Organizing Organizing involves securing the appropriate resources to perform the work. First, the project must decide which tasks should be done in-house and which tasks should be done by subcontractors or consultants. For tasks that will be carried out in-house, the project manager gains a commitment from the specific people who will work on the project. For tasks that will be performed by subcontractors, the project manager clearly defines the work scope and deliverables and negotiates a contract with each subcontractor. The project manager also assigns responsibility and delegates’ authority to specific individuals or subcontractors for the various tasks, with the understanding that they will e accountable for the accomplishment of their tasks within the assigned budget and schedule. For large projects involving many individuals, the project manager may designate leaders for specific group of tasks. Finally, and most important, the task of organizing involves creating an environment in which the individuals are highly motivated to work together as a project t eam. ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 6 NICMAR 2. 3 Controlling To control the project, the project manager implements a management information system designed to track actual progress and compare it with planned progress. Such a system helps the manager distinguish between busy-ness and accomplishments. Project team members monitor the progress of their assigned tasks and regularly provide data on progress, schedule and cost. These data are supplemented by regular project review meetings. If actual progress falls behind planned progress or unexpected events occur the project manager takes immediate action. He or she obtains input and advice from team members regarding appropriate corrective actions and how to replan those parts of the project. It’s important that problems and even potential problems, be identified early and action taken. The project manager cannot take a â€Å"let’s wait and see how things works out† approach- things never works out on their own. He or she must intervene and be proactive, resolving problems before they become worse. 2. 4 Leading Project manager fosters development of a common mission and vision to the team members. He should clearly define roles, responsibilities and performance expectations for all his team members. He uses leadership style appropriately to situation or stage of team development. He should be able to foster collaboration among team members. He should provide clear direction and priorities to his team members. He should be efficient enough to remove obstacles that hamper team progress, readiness or effectiveness. He should promote team participation in problem solving and decision making as appropriate. He should pass credit on to team, and promotes their positive visibility to upper management. He should appreciate, promote and leverage the diversity within the team. 2. 5 Communicating ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 7 NICMAR The Project Manager should be able to communicate effectively with all levels inside and outside of the organizations. He should be able to negotiate fairly and effectively with the customers/subcontractors. He should be able to bring conflicts into the open and manages it collaboratively and productively with the help of other team members. He should be able to able to influence without relying on coercive power or threats. He should be able to convey ideas and information clearly and concisely, both in writing and orally to all the team members. . 6 Cognitive functions The project manager should identify the problem and gathers information systematically and seeks input from several sources. He should then consider a broad range of issues or factors while solving these problems. For this he collects the appropriate quantity of data for the situation and discusses it with all the team members before making a decision. He then draws accurate conclusions from quantitative data and makes decisions in an unbiased, objective manner using an appropriate process. For this process of decision making he understands the concept of risk versus return and makes decision accordingly. 2. 7 Self management functions The project manager should be able to maintain focus and control when faced with ambiguity and uncertainty and should be able to show consistency among principles, values and behavior. He should be resilient and tenacious in the face of pressure, opposition, constraints, or adversity. Being the head of the project he should manage implementations effectively and should recognize as someone â€Å"who gets things done. He should continuously seek feedbacks from the team members and modify his behavior accordingly. He should take keen interest in learning and self development opportunities. 2. 8 Motivational and personal development functions Project manager should consider individual skills, values and interest of all his team members when assigning or delegating tasks to them. He should allow team ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 8 NICMAR me mbers an appropriate amount of freedom to do the job. He should accurately access individual strength and development needs of his team members to complete the work effectively. He should continuously offer opportunities for personal and professional growth to his team members. He should arrange for training program and continuously seeks support to his team member when needed. He should pass credit on to the individuals and promote their positive visibility to upper management. He should give timely, specific and constructive feedback to all his team members. 2. 9 Customer awareness functions Project manager should be able to anticipate customer’s needs effectively and proactively strives to satisfy them. He should be able to accurately translate the customer’s verbalized wants into what they actually needs. He should be able to understand customers and their business and actively build and maintain strong customer relationships. He should understand customer’s issues, concerns and queries and try to resolve them effectively. He should actively strive to exceed customer expectations. 2. 10 Organizational savvy functions Project manager should involve the right people at the right time for a particular job. Understands, accepts and properly uses power and influence in relationships. He should build and leverage formal and informal networks to get things done. He should know the mission, structure and functions of the organizations and others. He should understand profitability and general management philosophy. He balance interests and needs of team/project with those of the broader organization. 2. 11 Project Manager’s Unofficial Job Duties The functional competencies listed above represents official duties of the typical project manager. In fact, if organization has developed a job description for project managers, it probably includes many of these functional competencies. What we won’t find in job description are the unofficial duties that Project Managers perform in the course of carrying out their mission. Let’s examine some of the key ones: ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 9 NICMAR Babysitter: This refers to the apparent need to provide close guidance or detailed instructions to certain individuals. This situation results from any number of root causes. The target may be under qualified, lack of confidence or simply crave attention. Salesperson: There will be times when they will have to rely heavily on their ability to influence thers to sell an idea, sell themselves or perhaps sell the virtues of Project Management. Most of the selling situations will be helpful and have positive outcomes. However if he find himself spending too much time selling Project Management, they may signal deeper underline problems such as issues of trust or confidence. If most of the selling he does to his management, he is in trouble; this is a signal that l ife as a project manager may be exceptionally challenging. Teacher: This is an example of an unofficial role that actually yields positive roles. In fact, superior project managers will be able to educate and develop those they work with as they manage the project. Friend: Maintaining friendship and professional relationship with the same people is difficult. However if they can do it they will benefit greatly. An open, informal and comfortable communication linkage is much more likely to keep them supplied with more of the information they need than formal, rigorous and stiff team meetings. Finally avoid the trap of believing that he is been put in charge of a project so he has risen above his peers and friendship no longer matters. . Conclusion â€Å"The Project Manager is a key ingredient in the success of a Project. In addition to providing leadership in planning, organizing and controlling the Project, the manager should possess a set of skills that will both inspire the project team to succeed and win the confidence of the customer. Effective Project Managers have strong leadership ability, the ability to develop people , excellent communication skills, good inter personal skills, the ability to handle stress, problem solving skills and time management skills†. ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 10

Its Time For a Gay or Lesbian Disney Hero Essay - 2646 Words

The Walt Disney Company is well-known the world over for its magical â€Å"once upon a times† and wholesome â€Å"happily ever afters.† Stories like Cinderella, Snow White, and The Little Mermaid all feature captivating tales of beautiful young women who are pure of heart seeking adventure and true love. Disney paints the picture of a strong sense of faith and love, which act as guiding forces that provide access to a lifetime of happiness. Unfortunately, these stories all lack a crucial sense of diversity in today’s emerging and multicultural world. In the realm of the Disney Princesses franchise specifically, seven of the eleven women are Caucasian. Of these princesses, Snow White, Cinderella, Ariel, and Aurora all exhibit similar aspects of†¦show more content†¦It is time that Disney addressed this lack of diversity in their animated films. To do this, it is necessary that every aspect of the filmmaking process be inclusive to different identities. For the well-being of the company’s image and a more positive impact on popular culture and human development, Disney must incorporate the endless possibilities of realistic family values and individual issues into three introductory films that will open the door for more expressive, inclusive films and a more accepting environment worldwide. Although to many the Walt Disney Company may just be a fond childhood memory, Disney’s media and consumer initiatives transcend national boundaries. The Disney corporation owns or exerts influence in six movie studios (three of which are animation studios), the ABC network (which has 226 affiliated stations), ESPN, and seven other TV channels. They control 227 radio stations, as well as multiple vacation resorts, theme parks, cruise lines, and Broadway production companies. They publish books and magazines, and even maintain a secure browser via the Walt Disney Internet Group. All of this is done while holding 10 franchises that produce consumer products within the Disney Stores and elsewhere to provide families everywhere with the Disney brand in their dailyShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesThree Ethical Decision Criteria 187 †¢ Improving Creativity in Decision Making 188 Summary and Implications for Managers 190 S A S A S A L L L Self-Assessment Library What Are My Gender Role Perceptions? 166 glOBalization! Chinese Time, North American Time 171 Myth or Science? Creative Decision Making Is a Right-Brain Activity 181 Self-Assessment Library Am I A Deliberate Decision Maker? 183 An Ethical Choice Whose Ethical Standards to Follow? 185 Self-Assessment Library How Creative Am I?Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesresources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u tRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagescase can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictable culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered in by the industrial and political revolutions of the late 1700s. But at the same time, without serious attention to the processes and misguided policies that led to decades of agrarian and industrial depression from the late 1860s to the 1890s, as well as the social tensions and political rivalries that generated and were in turn